Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists represent one of the most significant advances in peptide therapeutics over the past decade. From the first GLP-1 analogs to today’s triple-agonist compounds like retatrutide, this article explores the science, mechanisms, and research potential.
Native GLP-1 is a 30-amino acid incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L-cells in response to nutrient intake. Its rapid degradation by DPP-4 (half-life ~2 minutes) led researchers to develop stabilized analogs with extended activity.
The field has progressed from daily-dosed liraglutide to weekly semaglutide, dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist tirzepatide, and now triple agonists targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously.